Abstract

Harkeerat Kaur, Thomson Soni, Ishwerpreet Kaur Jawanda, Renu Jaiswal, Divya and Vijay Prabha*

ABSTRACT

The male reproductive system consists of the internal structures such as testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate and the exterior structures such as the scrotum and the penis which facilitate the production, storage, and ejaculation of sperm for the purpose of fertilization, as well as to create essential androgens for the maturation of males. In the recent years, the prevalence of male-specific reproductive disorders has sharply increased that pose a substantial health risk. The clinical influence of the male reproductive disorders cannot be ignored as they can lead to serious conditions such as preterm birth, increased susceptibility to sexually transmitted infections (STI), infertility and cancer. Clinicians currently rely on semen analysis for the diagnosis of male factor infertility, although semen analysis alone is usually insufficient for diagnosis. Also, the study and treatment of male reproductive disorders has entered a new era as a result of developments in molecular technology such as digital PCR, multiplex real-time PCR, high throughput sequencing, and new generation sequencing. However, diagnosis at an early stage is crucial for the prevention of underlying pathologies has led to a soaring demand for novel diagnostic tools, such as protein biomarkers, which allow for better and earlier treatment of various genital tract pathologies. This review, highlights the disorders and outline of diagnostic tools for male reproductive system.