Abstract

Luis Inglada Galiana*, Blanca Martín Armentia and Angel San Miguel Hernández

ABSTRACT

This review studies the nature, detection, and clinical applications of circulating DNA, emphasizing its revolutionary potential in personalized medicine and early disease diagnosis, especially in oncology. Circulating DNA, consisting of free DNA fragments in the blood plasma, has emerged as a promising biomarker for various medical conditions. The document covers its origin, release mechanisms, and current methodologies for detection and analysis, highlighting both traditional and advanced techniques in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Clinically, circulating DNA is particularly valuable in oncology for early cancer detection, treatment response monitoring, and recurrence detection. It also has applications in non-invasive prenatal diagnosis and the identification of genetic diseases, opening new avenues in preventive and personalized medicine. The document explores its emerging use in cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Through case studies and clinical evidence, recent research highlighting both the promising results and limitations of using circulating DNA is summarized. Technical challenges and clinical considerations are discussed, emphasizing the need for greater accuracy and standardization in detection methods. Looking to the future, ongoing innovations and their potential impact on the field are explored, projecting circulating DNA as a fundamental pillar in the evolution of personalized medicine. The conclusion reaffirms the importance of circulating DNA in clinical diagnosis, highlighting its transformative role in early disease detection and medical treatment personalization.