Abstract

Ayesha Nazeer, Faisal Ahmad and Shamim Ahmad*

ABSTRACT

The ancient Indian systems of medicine, including Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha, have since long been utilizing natural materials and traditional processing techniques that can be considered early forms of nanomedicine. Concepts like Bhasmas in Ayurveda, which are nanoparticulate herbo-mineral-metallic preparations, demonstrate the inherent understanding of the benefits of reducing particle size to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. With the advent of modern nanotechnology, there is a growing interest in scientifically validating and integrating these traditional practices with cutting-edge nanomedicine approaches. Analytical techniques like electron microscopy and spectroscopy have confirmed the presence of nanoparticles in traditional Bhasmas, providing a scientific basis for their enhanced bioavailability, targeted delivery, and improved safety profile compared to raw metals and minerals. Furthermore, the traditional Ayurvedic processes of Shodhana (purification), Bhavana (levigation), and Marana (incineration) can be viewed as early forms of nanoparticle engineering, transforming raw materials into stable, biocompatible, and therapeutically potent nanomedicines. Optimizing and standardizing these traditional methods using modern scientific principles holds great promise for developing safe and effective Ayurvedic nanomedicines. The integration of nanotechnology with Indian traditional medicine systems can also help address some of the key challenges faced by the widespread acceptance of these ancient practices, such as lack of scientific validation, standardization, and regulatory frameworks. By combining traditional wisdom with modern scientific understanding, a synergistic approach can be developed to harness the full potential of nanomedicine for improving human health and wellness. This review discusses the current state of research on the integration of nanotechnology in Indian traditional medicine systems, highlighting the key opportunities, challenges, and future directions in this emerging field of study.